India GDP Savings 20260911

India Insider: Leveraged FCNR Deposits Reliance and Remittances Masks Structural Vulnerabilities

by with No Comment AssetsBehavioral SentimentBen EzraCentral BanksEconomyExclusive ContentFeatured HighlightsFinancial InstitutionsForexIndiaInvestingSpeculatorsUncategorizedWorld

Forging True External Strength Without Relying on the Crutch of Foreign Deposits

For the last few weeks, financial publications have applauded the news that India received around $127 billion USD via leveraged foreign NRI deposits (FCNR). Banks swapped these dollars for Rupees with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), securing cheap funding while ostensibly strengthening India’s external position. Analysts have calculated that while the hedging cost for the RBI is around $16.3 billion USD, the investment income generated by parking those funds in U.S Treasuries could reach $22.4 billion USD. On a net basis, this implies a $6.1 billion USD gain for the RBI over the next five years. However, while this may look like a tactical victory on a balance sheet, it ignores a fundamental macroeconomic contradiction: if the Indian economy is growing robustly, why isn’t its external position strengthening organically?

The Remittance Paradox

Indian rural towns and villages have long sent workers abroad to Singapore, Malaysia, the Gulf States and beyond. This migration has created a flush of dollar remittances, making India the world’s largest recipient in absolute terms. For instance, India has attracted around $135 billion USD in 2025, a figure that has been rising steadily. Yet, despite this massive nominal volume, remittances represent only about 3.6% of total GDP. 

This capital undeniably boosts domestic consumption, but it also exposes a structural gap between wages inside India and abroad. The fundamental characteristics of current account deficit countries is that they demonstrate low domestic savings, high investment needs, and persistent reliance on foreign capital to finance their deficits.

India GDP Savings 20260911

World Bank/CEIC for India and Global Average, and Wiemer EAI Brief for China’s 2008 Peak

In India’s case if the economy were truly expanding from within as said, domestic incomes would have risen proportionally with national growth, expanding the pool of internal capital. Instead with a vastly informal economy, India remains heavily dependent on its diaspora to fund its current account deficit.

The Domestic Savings Deficit

According to periodic labor force surveys, India is projected to have a working age population of around 900 million by 2030. To effectively employ this massive demographic dividend, the country urgently needs to raise its domestic savings rate. Currently clinging to roughly 31% of GDP, India lags far behind industrial powerhouses like China, which leveraged a domestic savings rate of around 45% to fuel its manufacturing ascent.

Policymakers should not rejoice over a capital account surplus funded by NRIs, especially when that surplus is leveraged over 7 to 10 times. It is this exact diaspora sending USD home that fuels India’s consumption, creating an illusion of self sustaining economic liftoff.

The “Dutch Disease” in Local Economies

The heavy reliance on remittances creates severe geographical distortions. Many towns possess high savings but they are incredibly unevenly distributed. These high savings are attributed to external capital rather than domestic productivity, while local employment remains trapped in informal service sectors or low productivity agriculture. Towns with high foreign remittances naturally develop immense asset bubbles in real estate and experience soaring rent and consumption costs. Because these economies do not export goods or services to other states or countries via production or services, they rely entirely on external capital inflows to generate internal demand. This reflects a localized variant of the “Dutch Disease”.

The labor market is extremely tight in these areas. Due to the high cost of living and limited wage growth, workers tend to migrate to other regions or overseas in search of better opportunities. This tight market further contributes to cost inflation in labor, food, and overall living expenses and increasing the cost structure for both households and businesses. This vicious cycle is primarily due to weak policy decisions from the government’s end, such as inadequate industrial infrastructure, poor urban planning, weak skills development, limited MSME financing, also insufficient connectivity.

A Structural Transformation is Required

This economic pattern is not unique to India, it also mirrors provincial towns in the Philippines, regions in Mexico and parts of the Balkans. While remittances support consumption and keep real estate elevated, they fail to translate into productive investment due to weak industrial bases and limited economic linkages. The result is seen vividly in the balance of payments clearly as India’s importing needs keep increasing, but the inability of Indian goods to compete globally results in persistent gaps in export volumes. 

With protectionist rhetoric vibrating in Washington and anti immigration protests rising from the U.S to Australia, this model is highly vulnerable. The Indian government must urgently pivot toward policies that empower Indian nationals to work in small and medium scale businesses (SMEs) domestically. By focusing on small scale manufacturing with high economic linkages and wage growth potential, domestic savings will naturally rise, eventually forging true external strength without relying on the crutch of foreign deposits.

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India Employment 20260904

India Insider: An Unfinished Economic Transformation

by with No Comment AssetsBen EzraCentral BanksCommoditiesExclusive ContentFeatured HighlightsIndiaInvestingUncategorizedWorld

Improving India's Education Strategy to Help Prosperity

Indian government officials, policy makers and journalists have all applauded the GDP April-June quarter data that came in 7.8%, compared to last year’s 6.9% growth. Although, the growth metrics are essential for understanding the results achieved in the broad economy, improved metrics should be applied towards the quality and conditions of life for citizens throughout India while comparing prosperity inequality.

Reading economic statistics without political or sociological factors becomes irrelevant. International trade agreements are often examined between capital and trade statistics, but in reality they are dominated by corporate lobbying and geopolitical powers behind the scenes calling into question results and assumptions.

Economists frequently discuss marginal propensity and disposable income elasticity, but in reality labour laws, union suppression and offshore workforce capabilities determine the wages paid to local employees. India like other Western countries, judges economic growth via headline statistics, without explaining the qualitative factors that determine a nation’s prosperity.

India Employment 20260904

Share of Informal Employment Comparison 2005 – 2025

Human development concerns via good housing, better roads, access to quality education for every child, and secure hospitalization in government run facilities are not covered in GDP data. India calculates GDP data with a production and expenditure approach. Meaning the production of goods and services in a given time must match the underlying expenditures of the overall economy. Since the Indian statistical office calculates expenditures from with a limited number of household surveys and proxies, it’s not prudent to conclude that all GDP data is correct.

Some analysts prefer to look at Gross Value Added, GVA, to determine the overall value created by the nation’s producers. However, this data observes the organized sector via corporate filings, GST (Good and Services Tax) data, industrial production indices, but leaves the contribution of India’s vast unorganized employment sector in the dark.

Informality in the Job Sector

Over the last few years, non-farm jobs which are crucial for diversifying the economy and providing stability are not growing as needed. The formal job sector which offers security, benefits and fair wages is also stagnant. This lack of job creation is pushing more people into unpaid or informal work (the latter constitutes around 90% of the work force) where people struggle to make ends meet.

India Rural 20260904

Kallakurichi District in Tamil Nadu State

The National Statistical Office ( NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), performs periodic labour force studies, including household consumption and annual questionnaires of the unorganized sector, but they are sample based surveys and taken only as a proxy due to a lack of available data.

However, these sample based household surveys allow observations of the unorganized sector via snap shots. The agricultural sector traditionally seen as a last resort for employment in rural areas, witnessed a resurgence after the Covid-19 pandemic. Unbelievably, about 80 million people rejoined this sector (including women in rural areas who had exited agriculture jobs after 2004, as a periodic labour force quarterly survey shows) between mid 2020 and mid 2024. This increase in employment continued into 2025, not because of farm growth and modernization, but due to stagnation in the industrial and services sectors.

India’s major challenge in the coming decade is to create enough adequate non-farm jobs in order to accommodate new entrants and for those who are want to leave agricultural employment. Meanwhile, India has one of the lowest rates of work participation of women in the world. Yet, some studies argue that there is a close link between the female labour force participation rate and manufacturing employment. To help GDP growth rates move qualitatively upwards, India must absorb more women from farm work and into manufacturing.

Population size matters and because of India’s large numbers if rising labour productivity is accomplished the nation will not only continue to become one of the largest economies, but will have the the capacity to influence the world’s GDP growth rate positively. The impact of one policy (for instance to promote economic growth) on another (i.e: income poverty reduction) crucially depends on the level of a third variable like the improvement of human capital via better skills, knowledge and health. In other words, growth will be more successful in reducing income poverty if economic value is well developed and more equitably distributed for individuals.

Increasing the capabilities for those who want to be employed and form the base of a country would facilitate the creation of improved formal jobs, labour productivity and real wages. However, the reality is complex. During the Covid-19 pandemic and in its aftermath workers who had earlier left agriculture for better earnings in the first half of the noughties shifted back to agriculture instead of moving to more productive or formal jobs in non-farm activities. In other words, India has seen an odd reversal of structured change that normally characterizes economic development.

Education for the Entire Population

The only upward mobility for Indians predominately is to educate their children, so that they can get comfortable jobs and lift their families out of poverty. For decades especially after the post independence period, India’s higher education remained an elusive dream for millions of historically marginalized people from Schedule Tribes, Schedule Castes and many struggling communities. 

Unfortunately, the gates of universities and colleges were mainly opened to only privileged students belonging to the upper caste elites. Young ST or Dalit students in remote villages faced layers of disadvantages regarding poor schooling – including financial strains, social stigmas, etc. This is in contrast to students from the privileged social groups who often inherited aspirations and the access to higher quality education that comes with an expensive price tag.

While the door for higher education opportunities has been opened for all, it was much wider for those privileged groups, and it remained relatively narrower for the marginalized communities. As the data suggests, In 2023-2024, only about 6.8% of STs and 8.6% of SCs aged 24 and above had attained education up to the graduation level and above, while 12.5% from the OBCs and a striking 23% “others category attained the same”. This hierarchy pattern suggests that STs are the most disadvantaged, followed by SCs, and then OBCs with others at the top, suggesting structural barriers based on caste and historical exclusion.

Aspirations and Sustainable Quality Growth

With a large segment of population stuck in informal or low skilled work, their purchasing power remains soft, weakening aggregate demand. India doesn’t value GDP using an income based approach, because of the same informality. Therefore the failure to ensure equitable access to higher education does not simply reflect social injustice, it also directly weakens India’s growth aspirations, inclusiveness and sustainability. 

Inequality in classrooms today becomes inequality in income tomorrow and eventually a drag on the nation’s economic growth. Instead of rejoicing over the quarter to quarter GDP growth comparing to last year, India must sincerely look into real problems that need to be solved and use its demographic dividend to create better results for all. A sociological and political lens is important to devise policies and strategies for next decade’s growth.

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New Zealand Dollar 20260825a

NZD/USD: Elevated Value for Kiwi Coming Within Sight of Mid-Term Prices

by with No Comment Behavioral SentimentCentral BanksCommoditiesEconomyFeatured HighlightsForexRisk ManagementSpeculatorsUncategorized

The NZD/USD is around 0.59550, last Friday’s highs near 0.59885 vicinity flirted with mid-term highs

The NZD/USD remains a speculative currency pair that offers fast results and velocity. The relatively low liquidity of the NZD/USD compared to the upper tier of major currency pairs allows for sudden bursts of movements which experienced traders may find tempting and inexperienced retail folks wagering could find exhausting and costly. The NZD/USD ranks typically around 7th per the size of its volume in Forex. Ahead of it at number six is the AUD/USD.

New Zealand’s growth rate of near 1.5% has been holding steady for the past half year. On the 8th of July the Reserve Bank of New Zealand raised its Official Cash Rate by 0.25% and the next decision from the RBNZ is next week on the 2nd of September. Because of inflation concerns some analysts believe another quarter of a basis point will be added. The current price of WTI Crude Oil is over $85.00, but it needs to be noted that New Zealand imports refined petroleum product most of which comes from Asia – like South Korea and Singapore. The current rate of inflation in New Zealand is around 4.1%.

New Zealand Dollar 20260825a

NZD/USD One Year Chart as of 25 August 2026

What will the RBNZ Do Next Wednesday

The Reserve Bank of New Zealand like other global central banks has a dilemma because of the sticky higher costs of energy due to the Iran and U.S conflict. The situation in the Middle East is unlikely to be resolved in the coming month. The conservative led New Zealand government would likely prefer not having to raise the Official Cash Rate, but the central bank may feel like it has no other choice. The U.S Jackson Hole Symposium led by the Federal Reserve starts this Thursday and a key speech will be delivered by Fed Chair Kevin Warsh this Friday, New Zealand officials will be a participant.

If the Official Cash Rate is raised in New Zealand by 0.25% to 2.75% it may supply the NZD/USD some additional reasons for greater Kiwi strength. However, what should concern day traders is the suspicion that part of the interest rate hike has already been baked into the value of the currency pair. Psychological support for the NZD/USD is easy to see at the 0.59500 mark for near-term traders. Those looking for upside may want to use slight moves lower to wager on potential reversals that they believe could ignite upwards if they are conservative.

Near-Term Wagers on the NZD/USD and Risk Management

The NZD/USD is a favorite for many Forex traders because of its volatility and often its ability to produce rather intriguing trends. The currency pair has seen upwards value since last Wednesday and has shown an ability to sustain it elevated status while correlating to the broad Forex market. On Wednesday the 29th of July the NZD/USD was near the 0.57650 ratio. The currency pair was flirting with 0.60000 rather consistently in February before the Iran and U.S conflict escalated into military action. 

Day traders tempted to look for additional upside in the NZD/USD cannot be faulted. If Fed Chairman Kevin Warsh somehow sounds dovish regarding U.S interest rates this coming Friday and talks about a strong U.S economy, and the RBNZ were to raise the Official Cash Rate next Wednesday this could bolster the value of the New Zealand Dollar. Risk management for retail traders is essential because sentiment shifts within the current higher terrain of the NZD/USD could attract more bullish perspectives that also include USD centric weakness, but if a sudden headwind blows – velocity in another direction could create volatility downwards if those leaning into a stronger NZD/USD were to become concerned about their outlooks and abandon ship.

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Iceburg Rose 20260722

India Insider: What Do Rural Areas Say About the Nation’s Fast Growing Economy?

by with No Comment Behavioral SentimentEconomyFeatured HighlightsIndiaUncategorizedWorld

Reflections on a Disappearing Workforce and a Long-Term Strategy

Tamil Nadu is one of the fastest growing States in India with an impressive Gross State Domestic Product result of 11.9% in financial year 2024-2025. Despite the former Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam’s (DMK) government being unseated by the new party Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam’s (TVK) in State elections recently, Tamil Nadu has continued to attract billions of USD. Automobiles, information technology (IT), electronics, and high-end engineering from global investors continues to be alluring.

As a student of economics, I have looked at and questioned how far this growth has helped raise wages and create jobs. In other words, will these investments help create linkages across the Tamil Nadu economy and generate deeper opportunities? Tamil Nadu may have higher GDP growth than any other State economy in India, but its growth is highly skewed towards a relatively small number of sectors.

Iceburg Rose 20260722

India Insider: What Do Rural Areas Say About the Nation’s Fast Growing Economy?

As noted, some of these sectors that attract investment generate high output, but employ a relatively small share of the workforce. As a result the gains are not spread evenly across the labor force.

Since the informal workforce constitutes a large share of employment in Tamil Nadu, many companies rely on contract labor that has created limited individual bargaining power. This is evident in many automobile, textile, and mobile phone assembly plants in Chennai. 

I knew a friend who worked in a mobile phone assembly plant in 2019 and despite completing a Bachelor of Engineering degree, he earned only around USD 150 per month. Since employees have weaker bargaining power, wages do not rise even as inflation increases every year. 

Many people leave these companies within one or two years. However, companies do now worry, because these firms can recruit replacements because the supply of educated workers remains high relative to demand. Tamil Nadu produces a higher number of graduates every year, and it knocks down the wage bargaining power of workers, allowing the formal economy to employ a multitude of people without having to raise wages

In the 1990’s these conditions weren’t prominent because there were fewer people who had accomplished university studies and graduation. Getting into the formal economy became easier and capital started to flow after the end of the License Raj era controls in 1991, this when India opened up it’s economy for foreign direct investment.

In the last two decades, Tamil Nadu’s industrialization has become heavily concentrated in cities such as Hosur, Chennai, Tiruppur and Coimbatore. Despite strong outbound trade, the State records an overall trade deficit. This also means some districts are performing well, while others remain heavily dependent on agriculture or services to generate Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP).

Pudukkottai District as a Case Study

I was doing some field surveys in Pudukkottai district, especially in the town and surrounding rural areas. And since we have no clear up-to-date Census numbers, we have to rely on the 2011 Census to understand the composition of Pudukkottai district’s economy.

According to the 2011 Census, Pudukkottai district is heavily dependent on agriculture, accounting for roughly 45–55% of employment. An important parameter to examine in the next Census will be whether this composition has changed.

Because the census is not giving us clear answers, we need to conduct random surveys across multiple villages to understand the reality. And during my visits around Pudukkottai, I consistently saw people mainly below the age of 20 and above the age of 50. Why?

This was the case in numerous villages around Pudukkottai. Still, we need stronger evidence. I repeated this exercise across different time periods to understand whether the pattern remained the same. The result was remarkably similar regarding ages.

Interestingly, the predominant working age population of India – between 25 and 40 years old – is largely absent from villages and even from Pudukkottai town, although I did see some from this age group employed in the service sector.

Where Did These Missing Workers Go?

The single reason lies in Pudukkottai district’s relatively high agricultural productivity. Since the service sector accounts for only around 30–35% of employment, the district still relies heavily on agriculture and allied activities for income generation.

That model has weakened over the last fifteen years. Lack of small scale manufacturing industries has crippled employment opportunities. Unlike Coimbatore or Tiruppur, Pudukkottai has attracted relatively few large manufacturing or technology investments. Economic growth has therefore remained dependent on agriculture, small businesses, and government employment.

Another important aspect is that many small businesses in the service sector are struggling or have closed altogether in Pudukkottai compared to 2016 because of weak local consumption. This is because people are migrating. That is clearly visible, and businesses cannot survive without a sufficient working age population. While Pudukkottai’s district’s population may have grown, much of the increase may have occurred in rural areas and been offset by outward migration of working age adults to Chennai, Bengaluru, Singapore, Malaysia, the Gulf countries and other employment centers.

The difference is also reflected in income levels. Recent district estimates place Coimbatore district per capita income at around ₹4.1 lakh, while Pudukkottai’s is approximately ₹2.4 lakh. The gap reflects differences in industrialization, labor productivity, and the availability of high value employment rather than population alone.

The next Population Census and the Periodic Labor Force Survey (PLFS) will be important in determining whether outward migration and changes in employment composition support these observations. Indicators such as graduate unemployment, labor force participation, regular salaried employment, and sector wise employment will provide a clearer picture of whether Tamil Nadu’s growth is creating quality jobs.

Limited industrial growth will become a much bigger challenge for Tamil Nadu over the coming years if unemployment among educated youth continues to remain high. Pudukkottai district is a classic example of that challenge.

India’s fast growing economy needs proactive business policies in small towns, together with the infrastructure needed to attract manufacturing and private investment. Depending primarily on IT hubs or remittances from the Gulf and Southeast Asia is not a sustainable long-term strategy.

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USDINR 20260615

India Insider: Can We Become a Developed Economy on Low Wages?

by with No Comment BusinessEconomyFeatured HighlightsIndiaUncategorizedWorld

The Brutal Nature of a Large and Cheap Workforce

Ms. Nithya (name changed) works in a private school in Tamil Nadu. She gets to school by 9 AM and leaves around 5 PM. The school she works for hasn’t paid a salary for two months and she has no contract. She gets $83.00 USD per month in a small city of Tamil Nadu State. While this may sound extraordinary to some readers, it is not an isolated case in countries like India. 

Salary surveys and labour market studies indicate that many private school teachers in smaller towns and rural areas earn between ₹5,000 and ₹15,000 per month, this despite possessing educational qualifications and working full-time schedules. Though private schools in India often collect exorbitant fees, they pay teachers less and it hasn’t changed for years. 

USDINR 20260615

USD/INR Six Month Chart as of 15th June 2026

Indian nurses often are treated in the same manner. Those who prefer to work in government institutions or emigrate to foreign countries earn better wages. Attrition in the nursing industry is quite high in India. Why?

Because of the lower wages in most of the private hospitals in India, and the higher wages offered in Singapore or in the Middle East a career and lifestyle choice arises. That’s why many nurses work for a time in institutions closer to their towns. And then switch to more lucrative opportunities when salaries are more handsome in distant Indian cities or in a foreign country.

Male nurses from rural areas also leave and work in GCC countries. As long as wages remain lower and uncompetitive, attrition will prevail in India’s nursing sector.

Perspectives From The Employees Standpoint

India wants to become a 10 trillion USD economy by 2047. How will India increase its total output to achieve the above target? India has to create jobs and better compensation via salaries for its people.

Without sufficient income, how are people expected to pay for goods and services produced in the economy? And if people are not buying, who will buy the goods? Maybe the generous foreigners, but can India accomplish this goal? India’s service exports such as Information Technology are already facing questions of viability, this as AI confronts and makes strong and sufficient intrusions into existing business models of legacy companies.

Gig workers deliver parcels dictated by soulless algorithms. The algorithm doesn’t understand the burdens of hot summers and cold winters. It dictates rules and regulations according to its capital owners’ protocols. Employees who work in this profession have to work no matter whether they have fevers, cold ,body aches or anything else they might be an affliction.

Like feudal landlords who extracted labour without many concerns for the well being of those who worked under their authority, today’s digital platform economy often places efficiency and profits above human considerations. This is called “techno-feudalism” by some economists.

Though individual states in India have labour laws and regulations, India’s readiness and capability to enforce these laws in order to regulate the welfare of the labour market is still not up to standards elsewhere and difficult to enforce.

If your income remains low relative to the cost of living, how do you increase your consumption? A question that India’s ultra-wealthy should ask as their companies produce everything from cars to household goods and understand the importance of making money for themselves, is if they understand the other side of the balance sheet? Perhaps they would make investments that create jobs which in turn would help families spend their extra money on their companies goods and services.

India suffers from the availability of a high proportion of cheap and qualified labour that is easy to manipulate and allows a few to profit from the many. Given the tepid investments by private business in consideration for the other side of the balance sheet, the wages that most employees receive via basic economic models are insufficient.

Ironically and sadly, in some parts of India, especially in smaller towns or rural areas it is true that many private sector nurses, schoolteachers, and other service workers earn less than the international poverty line of $3 per day (around ₹285 at current exchange rates).

Education is certainly a tool for women empowerment, but it is often confronted by employers who take advantage of the educated and still pay poor salaries. This ‘accepted truth’ regarding education becomes questionable given the reluctance of institutions to pay a better salary for those who have spent money on improving their knowledge and skills. Those who work for meager pay, while not earning enough income to save money, nor participate in liquid investments or stock investments are caught in India’s labour market trap.

While writing this article, I witnessed a young married woman in her 30s, delivering parcels on behalf of Flipkart (owned by Walmart) in a vehicle which suffered from the brutality of the afternoon sun. Such is the nature of the labour market right now in India .

India shouldn’t allow people to work in a system that enriches techno-feudalists and business people by putting the welfare of their employees at risk. If India wants to be a developed economy, it should put people first. Economic development should not be measured solely by GDP growth, stock market indices, or the wealth of billionaires. It should also be judged by whether the ordinary workers can earn enough to live with dignity, support their families, and participate meaningfully in the prosperity they are helping create.

Note: 1 USD = 94.90 INR as of 12th June 2026

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post277

India Insider: Growth without Prosperity, Thoughts and Comparisons

by with No Comment Ben EzraBusinessCentral BanksCommoditiesCorporateDataExclusive ContentFeatured HighlightsIndiaInvestingUncategorizedWorld

Growth and Prosperity Data Meet India and China's Realities

Economic growth is important for generating prosperity. India as well as China has helped millions be lifted out of poverty using separate development trajectories. Still, questions about income distribution remain a difficult topic that policy makers in both nations often are unwilling to look at with deeper persistence because plenty of inequalities still exists and the subject remains potentially divisive.

China’s low income population is extremely large. Professor Li Shi’s research argues that nearly 300 million people in China are earning less than 1000 Yuan ($149 USD) per month in 2021, while nearly 98 million had monthly incomes below 500 Yuan ($75 USD).

The same is true for the majority in India. As per the Pahle Foundation research shows nearly 91% of India’s workforce remains in the informal sector where their annual per capita incomes are below ₹2.5 lakh Rupees or ₹20,800 Rupees per month ($217 USD per month).

post277

Although industrial and wage models are different comparatively, for instance in China the industrial sector includes 32% of the total working age population and produces an estimate of 36 to 37% of the GDP. And 22% of China’s workforce are employed in agriculture and produce close to 7% of GDP. In India a higher share of the people are in agriculture – close to 45%, and generate roughly 15-18% of the nation’s GDP.

However, there are still problems in both countries regarding inequality via wage disparities of citizens. When income growth is stagnated or not growing, fixed assets capital formation is difficult. People save less and invest less, which in turn makes the economic consumption story difficult. This is happening in China and in India.

Regarding growth, Professor Li listed a series of mounting pressures: China’s growth rate has fallen from its high-speed era of 8 to 10% to around 5%. Household income growth has slowed sharply and the weakest gains are among the poorest groups. Urban wage growth has also softened. Consumption remains structurally weak. Fixed-asset investment, especially private investment has lost momentum. Unemployment, particularly among young people remains elevated. These are not separate problems. Taken together they raise a harder question, whether China can still generate the level of growth needed to meet its 2035 and 2050 prosperity targets?

India between 2015–2016 experienced significant growth driven by consumption, investment and services expansion. After Covid-19 its growth has stabilized around 6 to 7%, yet higher levels of prosperity are not clearly visible for many and inequality has widened.

The unemployment rate among those aged 16 to 24 in China has remained around 16% for an extended period, fluctuating during seasonal reasons. Unemployment among other age groups have also risen gradually, indicating clear pressure in the labor markets.

In India the unemployment for youth aged between 16 to 25 of age is 42%, per a Azim Premji University Surveys and State of Working India report in 2023. This unemployment rate is double the ratio of what we are witnessing in China.

While in China the education departments have shifted towards STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Medicine). India still focuses on Social Science curriculums and students who study within these fields often cannot find job opportunities in the labor market.

India for many years hasn’t invested a substantial amount of energy and commitment to build a vibrant manufacturing sector. Yet, studies have shown that every job created by manufacturing exports creates two additional jobs in related sectors like transportation and logistics. 

China’s wealth inequality via income has risen sharply, Professor Li Shi estimates the wealth Gini coefficient above 0.7 in 2023. India’s wealth inequality may be even more concentrated. Various estimates place India’s wealth inequality/income distribution per the Gini coefficient above 0.80, indicating an extremely unequal distribution of assets and accumulated capital. 

However, the structures of inequality differ between the two economies. In China inequality emerged alongside rapid industrialization, urbanization and export, and led to manufacturing growth. A large industrial economy generated substantial wealth – but distributed it unevenly between labor and capital. 

In India inequality is shaped not only by a wealth concentration at the top, but also by the persistence of low productivity via employment, informal labor markets, weak wage growth, and limited human capital investment across large sections of the population. Thus, while China faces the challenge of emphasizing prosperity within a middle income industrial economy, India continues to struggle with the deeper structural problem of trying to create broad based household income growth in the first place. The differential also sheds light on industrial sector based employment and those in agricultural jobs comparatively between the two nations regarding wage context.

Hard questions that China should ask include if their employment force – who are without many social protections and suffer a lack of higher wages, will allow China to attain competitive advantage over the rest of the world? While its manufacturing products are in demand, it doesn’t help the average Chinese person see realized wages go up and nor creates a dignified life. And China’s trading partners do not benefit, because a lack of competitive advantage destroys industries and makes unemployment problems even worse in other nations. It’s not a question about advantage only, it’s also about why this surplus and deficit competitive problem is growing rapidly and makes stable prosperity unachievable over the long term.

In India despite being proclaimed as the fastest growing global economy, if the young population don’t get jobs and cannot create income for their families, then what’s the purpose of this high GDP growth? Yes, the nation gets to show good growth numbers while hoping to achieve additional investment, but problematic results still occur.

Economic growth without wage growth leads to widening inequality, social unrest and sometimes political backlash. For growth to be inclusive, wages need to rise along with GDP. This requires not just distribution, but a transformation like raising the average productivity of every worker and ensuring they receive their fair share of the economic pie.

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India Insider GDP Savings and Investment 20260408

India Insider: Education, GDP and Personalized Growth a Difficult Balancing Act

by with No Comment AssetsBen EzraCorporateExclusive ContentFeatured HighlightsFinancial InstitutionsIndiaWorld

Is India Still 'The Country of the Future'?

In 1991, when India’s foreign exchange reserves had dwindled to barely three weeks of import cover, the government pledged its gold to the Bank of England. It was a moment of humiliation and, paradoxically, of liberation as the crisis forced an opening that three decades of socialist planning had resisted. Fast forward into 2025: India is a $4.1 trillion USD economy, the world’s most populous nation, with a moon rover, a thriving startup ecosystem, and a digital payments infrastructure the developed world now studies with envy.

This article asks if India is still ‘the country of the future’ using the same growth determinants framework applied by Professor Manoel Bittencourt to Brazil, and argues that the answer lies not primarily in corruption (though it matters), not in policy failure (though that matters too), but in two structural features that resist easy reform: the vast informality of the Indian economy, and the depth of its inequality.

Does Growth Matter? The 70/g Rule Applied to India

Before diagnosing India’s problems, we must appreciate what it has already achieved. Using the 70/g rule which tells us how many years it takes for income per capita to double at a given growth rate – India’s average GDP growth of roughly 6.5% since 1991 implies a doubling of income every 11 years. That is extraordinary by historical standards.

But averages mask distributions. If growth accrues predominantly to the formal sector – the top 10% of earners who hold formal employment, own financial assets, and participate in the organized economy, then the 70/g rule tells a story of elite enrichment, not a broad based development. This is India’s core dilemma.

The Eight Growth Determinants: India in the Data

Bittencourt’s framework identifies eight standard growth determinants: savings, fertility, rule of law, government consumption, trade openness, education and health investment, inflation, and finance. Let us examine some of each through Indian data, with Brazil as our comparator.

Savings & Investment

India’s gross savings rate has historically been a strength hovering around 30–32% of GDP through the 2000s and 2010s. But the investment picture is more troubled. Fixed capital formation has declined since its peak around 2011–12, driven by a stressed banking sector, weak private investment appetite, and an infrastructure gap. Brazil shows a similar pattern of savings-investment divergence  but India’s gap has widened more sharply in recent years.

India Insider GDP Savings and Investment 20260408

Gross Domestic Savings and Fixed Capital Formation. India vs Brazil. 2000-2023

Education & Health Spending

Perhaps nowhere is India’s “policy-delivery gap” more apparent than in social spending. India spends approximately 4.5% of GDP on education and just over 3% on health, and both figures are well below what comparable middle income countries invest. Brazil, despite its own fiscal struggles, consistently outspends India on health as a share of GDP. The consequences are visible in learning outcomes: the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) consistently finds that a significant share of Indian schoolchildren cannot read a simple paragraph or perform basic arithmetic.

This matters enormously for growth. An economy hoping to absorb millions of workers into formal, productive employment each year needs those workers to arrive with usable skills. When they do not, informal low productivity employment becomes the default  and cycles of informality perpetuate.

India Insider Public Education 20260408

Government Spending on Human Capital. India vs Brazil. 2000-2023

The Thesis: Informality as Structural Trap

Bittencourt identified corruption as the growth killer in Brazil. For India, the more precise diagnosis is informality and the inequality it both reflects and reinforces.

Consider the arithmetic: approximately 80% of India’s workforce is informally employed who are working without contracts, without social protection, without access to formal credit, and largely invisible to the tax system. This informal mass produces perhaps 50% of GDP. The productivity gap between the formal and informal sectors is staggering, and it does not shrink naturally with overall growth.

India Insider Formal Education 20260408

Share of Workforce in Formal Employment. India vs Brazil. 2000-2023

Brazil is itself a country with significant informality, but its formal sector share has grown meaningfully since the early 2000s, driven by the expansion of the Bolsa Família program, minimum wage policies, and labor formalization drives. India, by contrast, saw its already small formal sector shrink as a share of total employment after demonetization in 2016 and the disruptions of COVID-19. The gap between the two countries on this metric is instructive.

Inequality: When Growth Passes People By

India’s Gini coefficient – a standard measure of income inequality – has risen over the reform era even as aggregate poverty has fallen.  It shows the signature of unequal growth. The bottom quartile has seen real income gains, but the top decile has captured a disproportionate share of the growth dividend. Recent estimates suggest that India’s top 1% now hold a larger share of national income than at any point since Independence.

India Insider Income Distribution 20260408

Income Distribution India vs. Brazil.

Compare this to Brazil, which, despite its own severe inequality, pursued deliberate redistributive policies through the 2000s with Bolsa Família reaching 14 million families at its peak and a concerted minimum wage policy. India’s equivalents – the MNREGA rural employment guarantee, PM-Kisan farm payments are larger in coverage but smaller in benefit size at this stage, and reach informal workers imperfectly.

The Structural Complications

A purely data driven analysis, as Bittencourt himself acknowledged for Brazil, understates the depth of the challenge. India’s informality is not simply a policy failure, it is rooted in structures that predate modern economics.

The caste system, legally prohibited but still socially persistent, has historically sorted populations into occupational roles and those at the bottom of the hierarchy were systematically excluded from property ownership, formal education, and credit. Colonial de-industrialization destroyed the artisan economy that might otherwise have been a pathway to formal employment. The fragmentation of the federal system with 28 states running effectively different labor markets, land acquisition regimes, and social programs means that a policy that works in Tamil Nadu may fail in Uttar Pradesh.

These are not excuses. They are explanatory variables that any honest growth analysis must include.

What Does Growth Theory Tell Us to Do?

The prescription is not mysterious. If informality is the barrier, then the priority is to make formal employment more accessible through labor law simplification, portable social insurance that follows the worker rather than the employer, and a genuine skill based learning infrastructure that reaches the rural poor.

If inequality is the barrier, then the priority is redistribution that enhances human capital at the bottom – not cash transfers alone, but the quality of the school your child attends and the clinic your mother can access. India has the architecture of such systems; it does not yet have substantive results.

The demonstrators on India’s streets – whether farmers in 2020-21, or youth protesting paper leaks, or contract workers demanding permanence – know this intuitively. They are not asking for charity. They are asking to be absorbed into the formal economy that has prospered around them.

Conclusion: Is India Still the ‘Country of the Future’?

The answer to the question is Yes, and it is both an achievement and an indictment. India has built a moon program and yet cannot reliably staff a primary school. It has produced the world’s most used digital payments system and left 200 million people without bank accounts until recently. It exports software engineers to Silicon Valley, while its domestic labor market cannot absorb graduates at scale.

Brazil, our comparison, has struggled with its own version of this duality longer. But Brazil’s welfare state, however fiscally stressed has created a floor. India’s floor is thinner, and the drop beneath it steeper.

Informality is not the destiny for any developing economy. South Korea was deeply informal in the 1960s, China was an overwhelmingly rural agrarian nation in 1980. Both made transitions through deliberate, state led investment in human capital and formal employment creation. The path is known. The question for India in 2026 is whether the political will exists to progress via focused programs, or whether fifty years from now someone else will write another article illuminating the same structural problems.

Article Notes:

Data sources include the World Bank World Development Indicators, ILO Labour Statistics, Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index, ASER Centre (India), UNESCO Institute for Statistics, and IMF World Economic Outlook. Growth determinant categories follow Barro (2008) as synthesized by Bittencourt.

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India Insider: The 8.2% Growth Mirage Needs a Reality Check

by with No Comment AMT MarketsAssetsFeatured Highlights

India Insider: The 8.2% Growth Mirage Needs a Reality Check

India is celebrating the 8.2% real GDP growth result for Q2 FY26, as if it has entered a new economic orbit. Politicians are claiming victory and media is packaging optimism. The narrative is simple: India cannot be stopped. But once we move beyond the headline, the number loses credibility. It rests on a broken deflator, a statistical gap that no one can trace, and data architecture that doesn’t consider half the economy. This is not a story of unstoppable growth. This is a story of statistical convenience.

The Production–Expenditure Divide

On the production side, the numbers look heroic. Manufacturing allegedly grew 9.1%, and financial and professional services posted more than 10% growth. Corporate India looks like it is flying. But when the same activity is measured from the expenditure side – who actually spends this income – the story weakens.

Private consumption at 7.9% is respectable, not outstanding. The real shock is government consumption, which contracted by 2.7%. A shrinking government should normally mute growth, not accelerate it. Yet the GDP shoots up. How does that make sense? It doesn’t unless the number is being propped up somewhere else – and this is the case.

₹1.63 Lakh Crore of ‘Unknown Growth’

GDP includes a category called ‘discrepancy’. It exists because the two methods – production and expenditure – never perfectly align. The discrepancy stands at ₹1.63 lakh crore ($18.2 Billion USD) which equates into roughly 3.3% of real GDP. That means a chunk of this 8.2% growth has no identifiable spender: No households. No firms. No government.

It is income without absorption. A statistical plug. When a number this large is called ‘discrepancy’, the headline becomes unreliable – suspicious. You cannot claim world beating growth when your own data admits it cannot explain where that growth came from.

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Chart via the National Statistical Office

The Deflator Illusion

The next distortion is the nominal vs real GDP gap. Nominal GDP is growing at 8.7% and real GDP at 8.2%. A gap of 0.5 percentage points implies inflation has almost vanished. Every Indian knows this is not true. Costs did not collapse. Food inflation has not disappeared.

The explanation is mechanical: India still uses the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) to deflate nominal output. Global commodity prices fell, WPI softened sharply, and that flattening pushed up the real number. In other words, GDP grew because the denominator fell, not because production surged.

This creates a fiscal problem. The Union Budget assumed 10.1% nominal growth. At 8.7%, tax buoyancy will weaken, deficit targets become more difficult, and next year’s fiscal capability shrinks. Real GDP does not pay the bills, Nominal GDP does.

The Informal Blind Spot

India still cannot measure its informal economy accurately. Nearly half of GDP and employment sits outside the formal system, yet the NSO uses formal sector proxies such as corporate balance sheets, GST data, and financial flows to estimate the rest of the economy. If a small business collapses and a corporate giant expands, the data shows a net gain, erasing distress at the bottom which means real economic circumstances are not portrayed accurately for Indian citizens.

Agriculture grew at 3.5%, but it still supports 46% of India’s workforce. That means growth is concentrated in capital intensive and balance-sheet heavy sectors, not into areas that put cash into rural hands. A booming Nifty Index via the stock market does not translate into household prosperity.

An Economy Measured with Old Tools

India continues to measure GDP using a 2011–12 base year, an era before UPI (Unified Payments Interface), before fintech credit, before e-commerce, before gig workforces, before the pandemic rewired supply chains and consumption patterns. India is living in a digital economy, but measuring activity with analog instruments.

A shift to a 2022–23 base year, plus replacing WPI with a Producer Price Index, may finally align the numbers realistically. But until then, headlines are running ahead of bona-fide measurements.

India’s 8.2% print is impressive, but growth estimates that don’t reflect grounded realities produce illusionary optics rather than useful insights. For India to strengthen fiscal and economic credibility, measurements must capture households, labor markets, and productivity, not solely corporate outputs. Policy cannot be shaped by statistical ambiguity, it requires transparency and trusted data.

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India Insider: The Need for Quality Jobs and Improved Safety

by with No Comment AMT MarketsCorporateFeatured Highlights

India Insider: The Need for Quality Jobs and Improved Safety

Recent data released from the Ministry of Labor Statistics depicts a worrying aspect of India’s labor market. Every second urban young woman in Bihar and Rajasthan is unemployed. Nationally, one in four young women remains without work. This reflects deep structural issues in India’s workforce and the job market’s inability to provide high-quality employment.

Industries in urban India are not generating enough decent jobs to absorb educated youth, especially women. Even when jobs exist, they are often of poor quality, lacking social safety standards and sometimes damaging workers’ health and well being.

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Via the National Statistics Office of India Unemployment Data

A recent piece in The Diplomat, a magazine covering the Asia-Pacific region with current affairs, highlighted how workers trade off their health and welfare well-being for the opportunity of precarious living. If an economist like Robert Gordon, who wrote “The Rise and Fall of American Growth“, were to look at their lives, it would remind him of the 19th-century United States.

Migrant workers from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh toil in textile recycling plants under hazardous conditions for just ₹5,000 ($58.00) a month. Women form a significant share of this workforce, often assigned trivial tasks in unsafe factories. Many have developed asthma and tuberculosis after prolonged exposure to dust and poor ventilation.

The Rise of the Informal Sector

Formal workers generate an annual GVA (Gross Value Added) of ₹12 lakh, while informal workers produce just ₹1.4 lakh, according to the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) and the Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) 2022–23.

Neoclassical economics says wages reflect a worker’s productivity. But this logic collapses in economies like India’s, where a vast army like reserve of labor, keeps wages low – even when productivity rises.

Excess labor supply depresses pay across sectors, from private school teachers to gig workers. Many gig workers spend long hours to earn a modest income, without access to provident funds, health insurance, or paid leave. This precarity extends from India to the United States and Indonesia.

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Statistics via Kuntala Karkun & Samriddhi Prakash, Pahle India Foundation

The Gap Between Law and Reality

India has strong labor codes, streamlined in 2020, yet they remain largely unenforced. Companies often ignore them due to cost pressures, effective lobbying, or weak state monitoring.

Economic growth without wage growth widens inequality and breeds social tension. For growth to be inclusive, wages must rise with GDP.

This demands more than redistribution. It requires the transformation of raising workers’ productivity, ensuring labor rights, and giving every worker their fair share of India’s prosperity.

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India and the U.S Govt Shutdown: Quick Market Thoughts

by with No Comment AMT MarketsAssetsFeatured Highlights

India and the U.S Govt Shutdown: Quick Market Thoughts

President Trump has been ramping up his claims that India is no longer going to buy Russian oil, he made a statement regarding this belief yesterday once again. As the White House threatened to initiate tougher sanctions against India, there seems to have been some movement towards a reconciliation between the two powerful nations.

The Trump administration is clearly trying to limit the amount of purchases of Russian oil by India to increase economic pressures on Russia, and reportedly India may be starting to actually buy less oil. India has certainly not stopped buying Russian oil in a maximum ‘fait accompli’, but if the nation continues to show a willingness to purchase less energy resources from Russia, this will go a long way in preserving a good U.S and India association. A stronger relationship between the U.S and India can achieve a vital economic and military correlation for the both nations. Improved friendlier tones from New Delhi and Washington D.C appear to have reassured investors in the Indian equity markets via highs currently being seen on Nifty 50, which are now within sight of apex values from late September last year.

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Nifty 50 One Year Chart as of 23rd October 2025

India is a vital and important part of U.S policy as it attempts to also create pressure on China too. By maintaining political and business dealings with India, the U.S can and should look upon this joint relationship as a vast long-term strategic interest. India understands this as well. The ability of India and the U.S to remain ‘friendly’ allies, and the prospect of creating a vigorous economic and military partnership should be one of the U.S government’s essential missions.

India does have strong connections to Russia the past handful of decades politically and economically via its non-aligned status. India will certainly maintain its dialogue and sometimes cooperative dealings with Russia. However, if India and the U.S maintain a solid relationship with the prospect of increasing their economic and political ties this could substantially change dynamics on the Asian continent.

U.S Government Shutdown Since the 1st of October

The U.S government has now been shutdown for over three weeks as Republicans and Democrats remain stubborn about compromise. Both sides have made the shutdown a political game. While each party claims they are doing what is best for the nation and preach to their collective voting bases, the stalemate could start to have uglier effects regarding wages not paid for many U.S employees on the 1st of November.

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Dow Jones 30 One Year Chart as of 23rd October 2025

A lack of government salaries not being dispersed will cause an economic hit via consumer spending and create at a minimum some temporary damage for GDP numbers. Remarkably, and to be clear about this potential impact, Wall Street hasn’t seemed to care yet, but this could start to change. As the U.S economy rumbles powerfully forward without a major downturn in the major equity indices, politicians appear to be comfortable acting like spoiled children on both sides of the aisles engaged in accusing the other side of misdeeds.

Likely to start changing attitudes among Republicans and Democrats in the next two weeks are the coming Federal Reserve’s FOMC Statement during the end of October, and voting results via key political races in the first week of November.

Wall Street wants clarity regarding interest rate outlooks for November, December and early next year. Investors might not get a clear picture from the Fed next week, taking into consideration the Federal Reserve will not have up to date official U.S economic data because of the government shutdown. Meaning the Fed will likely issue a 25 basis point rate cut on the 29th of October and say it is uncertain about the coming few months because it does not have enough inflation, employment and GDP information to form a concrete opinion. The joke of coarse being the Fed seldom seems to have a strong opinion, but now can use the government shutdown as an excuse.

And now for contemplation, let’s look at the election in NYC for Mayor. A bona fide socialist may get elected in New York City who carries the historically misguided and dangerous wisdom of a Marxist. The economic and social practices of Marxism have proven utter failures for over one hundred years consistently. If NYC suffers a victory from the socialist candidate running as a Democrat, Wall Street and many financial institutions based in the city will not react favorably.

In the meantime, U.S equity indices remain elevated, cautious and within sight of record highs. The Nasdaq, Dow Jones and S&P along with other financial assets are producing choppy dangerous conditions for day traders who are attempting to wager on daily changes and suffering from the cautious behavioral sentiment being generated. Investors who look towards the mid and long-term are likely more comfortable, but are certainly keeping an eye on what is going to transpire over the next two weeks. Gold and Silver have come off their speculative highs. Forex continues to create volatile conditions as financial institutions appear unready to make bold predictions about what the Federal Reserve will do into January 2026.
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India Insider: Booming GDP & Fragile Foundations of Growth

by with No Comment AMT MarketsCommoditiesFeatured Highlights

India Insider: Booming GDP & Fragile Foundations of Growth

India’s economic footprint on the global stage is expanding significantly each year. As the world’s largest democracy, the nation achieved a remarkable 7.4% GDP growth rate January to March of this fiscal year. Yet, beneath this impressive headline, job creation remains tepid, overshadowed by slowing foreign direct investments (FDI) and lower corporate investments from India’s domestic market.

Despite Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s initiative to attract manufacturing into India and boost jobs, the manufacturing share of GDP has stubbornly clung to 16% for the last decade. While India’s services sector accounts around 55% of GDP, the IT and allied services sectors contributes a mere 3-4% of total employment. Even after the last two decades in which India’s Asian neighbors have shifted labor force out of agriculture and into high scale manufacturing, 45% of India’s workforce still are employed in agriculture and aligned services constituting only 15-17% of GDP.

Speculative Capital, Excessive Credit and Rising Financial Risk

Between 2003 and 2023, India attracted approximately $275 Billion USD from foreign capital inflows, encompassing mostly equity and debt foreign portfolio investments. These capital injections are speculative in nature, primarily chasing returns in financial markets, rather than being directly invested into long-term productive infrastructure like manufacturing and export oriented industries.

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Foreign Portfolio Investment into India 2003 to 2023

Interestingly, India’s public sector banks especially between 2008 and 2015 aggressively lent to infrastructure, real estate and capital intensive projects. The state owned banks tried to fill the gap left behind by private investors. A substantial share of these loans later turned into non-performing loans, exacerbating a duel crisis as corporate and bank balance sheets came under severe stress within a few years. The government of India stepped in and injected 3.1 lakh crore Rupees ($45 Billion USD) to recapitalize the struggling banks, and also orchestrated mergers of weaker banks with stronger banks. India’s citizens helped cover these costs via higher taxes and hidden banking charges.

Reserve Bank of India: FX Reserves and Liquidity Dynamics 

As of financial year 2025, the RBI’S Foreign Exchange Reserves stand at around $696 billion USD. While a stronger reserve buffer is crucial for maintaining external stability, the Reserve Bank of India’s purchase of foreign currency to build reserves leads to problems with domestic Rupee liquidity and creates liabilities for the RBI’s balance sheet. Unless it’s not fully absorbed via Open Market operations, it will end up as excess liquidity in the banking system.

Post 2020 and the Covid19 pandemic, loose monetary policy and excess liquidity within the banking system has culminated with more reckless lending. Unsecured retail credit particularly in personal loans, credit cards and consumer finance is troubling. Non-banking financial companies (shadow banking) and fintech enterprises also expanded rapidly into this segment and now pose risks.

India Falling into Debt Trap 

Per a recent survey conducted by the RBI,  household financial savings have sharply declined to a five decade low of 5.1% of GDP in FY2023, down from 11.5% in 2021. Concurrently, household liabilities have risen, particularly in the unsecured credit segment.

Delinquencies in small ticket personal loans and “Buy Now, Pay Later“ programs are on the rise, prompting the RBI to intervene recently with tightening of personal loan norms in late 2023. This dynamic suggests that excessive credit creation, unaccompanied by productive or real income growth, is fueling a fragile boom in consumption backed predominately by debt especially among middle and lower income groups.

Lower Net Foreign Direct Investment amid Higher Repatriation

Even with coordinated efforts from the likes of Apple, Foxconn (Hon Hai Technology Group) and other electronics companies setting up facilities, and the assembly of manufactured goods like iPhones as part of the “China Plus“ strategy, a more comprehensive method of doing business and improved proactive FDI policy is needed. Overall results are still falling short. Evidence shows many companies continue to choose Vietnam and Mexico over India, which is clearly reflected in the lower net FDI figures in India’s Balance of Payments. In financial year 2024-25, net FDI fell 96% to $353 million USD, caused by a surge of money being repatriated out of India led by foreign companies, and also increased foreign investments by Indian companies to other nations, per the Hindu magazine.

The irony is that India needs foreign capital to finance its current accounts deficit, long-term capital investment would boost jobs and increase wages. As the central Indian government practices an austerity drive and its corporations show an unwillingness to invest, India needs higher foreign capital at this crucial juncture. How will India achieve this task? Without better employment and raising wages, India’s celebrated growth faces risks from underlying cracks.

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Examination Time: Nasdaq 100 and Trump Behavioral Sentiment

by with No Comment AMT MarketsBehavioral SentimentFeatured Highlights

Examination Time: Nasdaq 100 and Trump Behavioral Sentiment

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Nasdaq 100 Six Month Chart as of 25th March

Near-term trading in the Nasdaq 100 will face an examination of behavioral sentiment today and the remainder of the week. The stock index finished yesterday’s trading around 20,180.44, essentially traversing near levels directly before the U.S election results were known on the 5th of November. When trading reopened on the 6th following Donald Trump’s victory, the Nasdaq 100 jumped higher and began its trading near the 20,560.00 vicinity.

On the 29th of October 2024, the Nasdaq 100 also tested the 20,560.00 ratio, before reversing lower and finding choppy conditions leading up to the election date. Behavioral sentiment was certainly a factor in the outcome of these results. It cannot be proven, but can be asked and guessed that financial institutions may have started to bet on a Donald Trump victory before the election. Big trading influences may have turned anxious in the immediate days preceding the vote, then after the results were known returned the Nasdaq 100 to highs seen the week before on the 29th of October. By the 7th of November the Nasdaq 100 was trading above 21,100.00 and this was likely a result of optimistic outlooks.

The ability to climb back above the 20,000.00 mark yesterday and sustain the level was important. Yes, if the mark fades and another downturn now occurs it will show financial institutions are still leaning into negative outlooks as they consider the implications of tariffs and potential knock-on effects from the unknown.

However, if financial institutions have decided that they have priced in maximum risk premium and the selloff of the Nasdaq 100 to the level of nearly 19,150.00 seen on the 11th of March, which tested ratios last seen in early September 2024, was extremely oversold. We then have evidence that yesterday’s results back to values seen on election day, set the table for an important examination of behavioral sentiment.

There is plenty of room to traverse from 20,180.44 to 20,560.00. Yet, if financial institutions have decided that they once again want to test optimistic mid and long-term outlooks, the price level of 20,560.00 is where they will likely aim. Day traders should not get overly ambitious and remain cautious while looking for upside momentum if that is their chosen direction.

U.S economic numbers will be light today. Tomorrow the monthly Core Durable Goods Orders data will be published, the results will be of interest because they will show manufacturing sentiment and the statistics are considered a leading indicator. Thursday will also be noteworthy because the Final GDP results will be brought forth, but because this data is based on quarterly factors, the data may not be as important as tomorrow’s opening act – the Core Durable Goods Orders.

While the economic data will be important, President Trump will remain the focus. Behavioral sentiment obviously is being swayed by the winds circulating from the White House. This is not going to change until financial institutions begin to believe the threat of rhetoric can be dismissed without fear. The 2nd of April is now being counted down and in the sights of financial institutions as they consider the implications and outcomes of tariff negotiations. The word ‘agreement’ is sought as a salve by financial institutions. Whether a soothing ointment will be provided remains unknown.

The near-term will provide a test for traders which may be quite a bit like the week before the U.S election from late October and into November 5th when the voting results were still being counted. The Nasdaq 100 has room to traverse upwards and test values from the 29th of October and after Donald Trump was elected President. The 2nd of April is next Wednesday, and trading up until then will reflect on the outlooks financial institutions have regarding tariff negotiations.

It is examination week. It is not a coincidence that the price levels of the Nasdaq 100 are treading water while waiting for impetus. Speculating on the outcome before the 2nd of April needs to be undertaken carefully. An important question each speculator (including financial institutions) taking this test must answer is this: How good is President Trump as a negotiator and will he be able to claim a victory on the 2nd of April?